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The Quran consists of 114 chapters of varying lengths, each known as a srah. Chapters are classified as Meccan or Medinan, depending on whether the verses were revealed before or after the migration of Muhammad to the city of Medina. However, a srah classified as Medinan may contain Meccan verses in it and vice versa. Srah titles are derived from a name or quality discussed in the text, or from the first letters or words of the srah. Chapters are not arranged in chronological order, rather the chapters appear to be arranged roughly in order of decreasing size. Some scholars argue the srahs are arranged according to a certain pattern. Each srah except the ninth starts with the Bismillah ( ), an Arabic phrase meaning "In the name of God." There are, however, still 114 occurrences of the Bismillah in the Quran, due to its presence in Quran 27:30 as the opening of Solomon's letter to the Queen of Sheba.

Each srah consists of several verses, known as yt, which originally means a "sign" or "evidence" sent by God. The number of verses differs from srah to srah. An individual verse may be just a few letters or several lines. The total number of verses in the most popular Hafs Quran is 6,236; however, the number varies if the bismillahs are counted separately.

In addition to and independent of the division into chapters, there are various ways of dividing the Quran into parts of approximately equal length for convenience in reading. The 30 juz' (plural ajz) can be used to read through the entire Quran in a month. Some of these parts are known by nameswhich are the first few words by which the juz begins. A juz' is sometimes further divided into two izb (plural azb), and each hizb subdivided into four rub al-ahzab. The Quran is also divided into seven approximately equal parts, manzil (plural manzil), for it to be recited in a week.

A different structure is provided by semantic units resembling paragraphs and comprising roughly ten yt each. Such a section is called a ruk`.

The Muqattaat (Arabic: , urf muqaat, 'disjoined letters, disconnected letters'; also 'mysterious letters') are combinations of between one and five Arabic letters figuring at the beginning of 29 out of the 114 chapters of the Quran just after the basmala. The letters are also known as fawtih (), or 'openers', as they form the opening verse of their respective suras. Four surahs are named for their muqatta'at: -H, Y-Sn, d, and Qf. The original significance of the letters is unknown. Tafsir (exegesis) has interpreted them as abbreviations for either names or qualities of God or for the names or content of the respective surahs. According to Rashad Khalifa, those letters are Quranic initials for a hypothetical mathematical code in the Quran, namely the Quran code or known as Code 19.