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Republic of India (Hindi: Bhrat Gaarjya) is a nation in South Asia. It is the second-most crowded nation, the seventh-biggest nation via land zone, and the most crowded majority rules system on the planet. Limited by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan toward the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan toward the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar toward the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the region of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a sea line with Thailand and Indonesia.

Present day people showed up on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years back. Their long occupation, at first in differing types of separation as tracker finders, has made the district profoundly different, second just to Africa in human hereditary variety. Settled life arose on the subcontinent in the western edges of the Indus stream bowl 9,000 years back, advancing steadily into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third thousand years BCE. By 1200 BCE, an obsolete type of Sanskrit, an Indo-European language, had diffused into India from the northwest, unfurling as the language of the Rigveda, and recording the unfolding of Hinduism in India. The Dravidian dialects of India were replaced in the northern and western areas. By 400 BCE, delineation and rejection by rank had arisen inside Hinduism, and Buddhism and Jainism had emerged, announcing social requests unlinked to heredity. Early political combinations offered ascend to the free sew Maurya and Gupta Empires situated in the Ganges Basin. Their aggregate time was suffused with wide-going innovativeness, yet in addition set apart by the declining status of ladies, and the consolidation of distance into a coordinated arrangement of conviction. In South India, the Middle realms sent out Dravidian-dialects contents and strict societies to the realms of Southeast Asia.

In the early middle age period, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism put down roots on India's southern and western coasts. Muslim armed forces from Central Asia irregularly overran India's northern fields, in the long run setting up the Delhi Sultanate, and bringing northern India into the cosmopolitan organizations of archaic Islam. In the fifteenth century, the Vijayanagara Empire made a durable composite Hindu culture in south India. In the Punjab, Sikhism arose, dismissing regulated religion. The Mughal Empire, in 1526, introduced two centuries of relative harmony, leaving a tradition of iridescent engineering. Step by step extending rule of the British East India Company followed, transforming India into a provincial economy, yet in addition solidifying its power. English Crown rule started in 1858. The rights vowed to Indians were allowed gradually, yet mechanical changes were presented, and thoughts of training, innovation and the public life flourished. A spearheading and powerful patriot development arose, which was noted for peaceful opposition and turned into the main consideration in completion British principle. In 1947 the British Indian Empire was apportioned into two autonomous domains, a Hindu-lion's share Dominion of India and a Muslim-greater part Dominion of Pakistan, in the midst of huge scope death toll and an uncommon movement.

India has been a mainstream government republic since 1950, represented in a majority rule parliamentary framework. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic culture. India's populace developed from 361 million out of 1951 to 1.211 billion of every 2011. India has become a quickly developing significant economy and a center for data innovation administrations, with an extending working class. It has a space program which incorporates a few arranged or finished extra earthly missions.