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The word Aurora comes from the name of the Roman Goddess of the Dawn. Boreas is the Greek name given to the north wind by Pierre Gassendi in 1621. The Cree people called this exciting event the Dance of the Spirits. In the Middle Ages in Europe, it was believed that auroras were signs from God. (Wilfried Schroeder, Das Phnomen des Polarlichts, Darmstadt 1984).

Aurora or polar aurora is the natural radiations seen in the sky in the polar regions, resulting from the interaction of the Earth's magnetic field and the charged particles from the Sun. In northern latitudes, this effect is called the aurora borealis or northern lights. The formation of the aurora australis (southern aurora) at southern latitudes has similar characteristics; however, it can be seen from higher margins in Antarctica, South America, and Australia.

These radiations, usually observed at night, occur predominantly in the ionosphere. This phenomenon commonly appears between 60 and 72 degrees north and south latitudes, which falls within the arctic and antarctic polar circles.

The probability of the aurora borealis appearing increases as you get closer to the north magnetic pole. Auroras formed near the magnetic pole are precisely 90 degrees. Still, from afar, they illuminate the northern horizon with a greenish glow, sometimes a pale red as if the Sun were rising from an unusual direction. The aurora borealis often occur at the solstices.

Auroras can be observed all over the Earth and on other planets as well. Because of the longer duration of darkness and the magnetic field, the closer they are to the poles, the more visible they are.

In other words, these magnificent light shows are formed as a result of the collision of charged particles from the Sun with particles of oxygen and nitrogen gases in the Earth's atmosphere. Since Earth's atmosphere is mainly composed of nitrogen and oxygen gases, they collide with these molecules. These molecules, which gain energy with the colliding particles, emit photons as they return to their normal energy levels. The number of emitted photons is so large that it appears as a light show.

In summary, the principle of excitation of the atom lies behind the aurora. The atom consists of a nucleus at the center and electrons orbiting around the middle. Storms on the Sun's surface scatter charged particles into space. When these charged particles emitted from the Sun collide with the gas atoms in the Earth's atmosphere, an orbiting electron becomes excited by moving to a higher energy orbit than its orbit. This excitation causes the atoms to radiate. As the electron returns from its excited state to its low-energy trajectory, it releases particles of light called photons.

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